Chimera and hybrid are two organisms created by combining elements between organisms of different species. In modern biotechnology, it is possible to combine elements between organisms of different species. There are various ways of deliberately mixing two species of animal or plant. Each of these produces a different outcome and raises different issues. The key […]

COL1A1 and COL1A2 are two genes that, respectively, encode the two α1 chains and a single α2 chain in the Type I collagen. Type I collagen is a fibrillar collagen and the most abundant type in the body. It is a heterotrimer and is the key structural protein in several tissues. The key difference between […]

HLA-A and HLA-B are two major histocompatibility complex antigens specific to humans. They perform an important immune function by presenting small peptides to the immune system. Human leukocyte antigens are cell-surface proteins. They were discovered in the 1930s by Peter Gorer. Human leukocyte antigens are encoded by specific genes clustered within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) at Chromosome […]

Cyclic and noncyclic electron flow are two types of electron flows in photosynthesis phosphorylation. Photophosphorylation is the process of using light energy from photosynthesis in order to convert ADP to ATP or for ATP production.  This process synthesizes energy-rich ATP molecules by transferring the phosphate group into the ADP molecule when light is present. The […]

Hybrid and GM seeds are two types of seeds created by biotechnology. Plant breeding is the process of developing new plant varieties.  There are different types of breeding techniques such as inbreeding, backcrossing, hybridization, genetic engineering, and mass selection. Nowadays, hybrid and GM seeds are common in the agriculture industry. Both these seeds are better […]